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The International Monetary Fund cautioned that the rapid rise of stablecoins, particularly dollar-linked tokens, could threaten national monetary control.
Its latest report highlights that this trend may severely impact countries already struggling with inflation or weak confidence in domestic institutions.
Rising Concerns Over Currency Substitution
According to the IMF, the increasing reliance on stablecoins, particularly those tied to the U.S. dollar, may encourage users to abandon national currencies in favor of digital alternatives. This trend, the report explains, could weaken central banks’ ability to manage capital flows and preserve monetary stability.
IMF noted that such substitution tends to occur most rapidly in countries where confidence in the currency or institutional framework is already fragile. Consequently, these countries are more exposed to external shocks.
Implications for Capital Controls and Payment Systems
Building on these concerns, the IMF noted that stablecoins’ cross-border capabilities could enable users to circumvent capital controls intended to manage outflows and preserve financial stability.
Without coordinated technical standards, the regulator warned, payment systems may become fragmented, increasing volatility and complicating oversight.
These vulnerabilities are more pronounced in economies where domestic controls are already stretched.
Market Expanding at Unprecedented Speed
The report also highlighted the magnitude of the sector’s recent expansion. Specifically, the two largest stablecoins, USDT and USDC, have grown to a combined 260 billion USD since 2023.
This growth is further reflected in annual trading volumes, which reached approximately 23 trillion USD in 2024. Therefore, the expansion has intensified the IMF’s concerns as stablecoins become more deeply embedded in global markets.
Although Asia leads in overall usage, relative activity, measured against GDP, is most pronounced in Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. Notably, these regions already grapple with long-standing currency substitution pressures.
Despite these risks, the IMF acknowledged the potential benefits of the technology. In many developing markets, mobile services already serve as a primary financial access point.
Building on this, regulated stablecoins could further deepen inclusion by lowering fees and improving payment efficiency.
However, the regulator emphasized that these advantages depend heavily on comprehensive regulatory and legal safeguards that ensure user protection and system stability.
Systemic Dangers During Market Stress
Moreover, the IMF reiterated broader systemic concerns. For instance, if users lose faith in an issuer’s ability to honor redemptions or if reserve assets lose value, rapid withdrawals could trigger destabilizing runs.
In such cases, issuers may be forced to sell large volumes of assets quickly, potentially unsettling wider financial markets.
Furthermore, the IMF warned that stablecoins’ pseudonymous and cross-border nature complicates data collection and enforcement. This, in turn, makes it harder for authorities to monitor risks or implement rapid interventions.
Regulatory Fragmentation Across Major Jurisdictions
Adding to the challenge, the IMF found substantial differences in regulatory approaches across regions. Japan, the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom each apply distinct rules governing issuers, reserve structures, and foreign participation.
This mismatch may encourage regulatory arbitrage and reduce the effectiveness of oversight. Given stablecoins’ global reach, the IMF stressed that harmonized international action will be essential to limit fragmentation and maintain financial stability.
United States Moves Forward With New Stablecoin Framework
Amid this backdrop, the United States has taken a significant step by enacting the GENIUS stablecoin law. Federal agencies are now drafting the corresponding rules, and lawmakers, including Rep. Bryan Steil, have begun seeking updates on implementation.
This progress underscores the increasing momentum behind regulatory efforts as stablecoins continue to expand globally.